Miller

Electricity, Air, and Plastic Recycling

Daniel Morton — Tue, 17 Jun 2025 21:15:48 +0000

Electricity, Air, and Plastic Recycling Daniel Morton Tue, 06/17/2025 - 15:15

Daniel Morton

This collaboration between four RASEI Fellows shows how electricity can be used to impart ‘superoxide powers’ to oxygen gas molecules from air, enabling the efficient recycling of PET plastics.

In 2012, 32.5 million tons of plastic waste was produced globally. 4.5 million tons of which was poly(ethylene terephthalate), better known as PET. You likely know this as the plastic that has the number 1 in the middle of the recycling symbol. PET is used extensively in materials such as packaging, textiles, films, and flexible electronics. By far and away its main use is in bottled drinks. PET is considered a standout material, it is strong, chemically resistant, transparent, and impermeable to water. Even better, it is possible to recycle PET – it has its own number, right? Unfortunately, this is not quite the full story. Globally, it is estimated that only about 9% of plastic waste is recycled, and while PET waste is one of the best performers, with a recycling rate approaching between 25-30%, the majority of plastic, even PET, ultimately ends up in landfills, incinerated, or worse, polluting our environment. The magnitude of this problem is only increasing; in 2024 the world generated an estimated 240 million tons of plastic waste, representing more than eight-fold increase in 12 years and highlighting the need for more effective solutions.

This teams bring together four RASEI Fellows, Oana Luca (Chemistry, ��ƷSM��ӰƬ), Seth Marder (Chemistry and Chemical & Biological Engineering, ��ƷSM��ӰƬ), Stephen Barlow (RASEI, ��ƷSM��ӰƬ) and Elisa Miller (Chemistry and Nanoscience, NREL) to address the accelerating issue of plastic waste. While there are many parts to this global challenge, this research focuses on how we recycle plastics, specifically PET. When we think about recycling plastic, most of us just think about throwing a plastic bottle, or piece of packaging, into a recycling bin. We rarely give it much thought after that. This really is just the start of a journey that is more complex than many realize. There are actually several different approaches to giving plastic a second life. The most common, and perhaps the method that most people are familiar with, is mechanical recycling.

Think of mechanical recycling like an industrial washing machine combined with a paper shredder. Plastic items are collected, sorted, cleaned, and then chopped up into small flakes or melted down into pellets that can be molded into new products. This approach is efficient and works great for clean, single-type plastics, but there are some significant limitations with this process. In the same way that a white shirt can’t be perfectly restored after being mixed with brightly colored laundry, plastic quality degrades each time it goes through mechanical recycling. This reduction in quality is stark, most mechanically recycled plastics can only go through the process 2-3 times before they become unusable. This makes it financially unattractive and severely limits the long-term efficacy of recycling. How can this be an enduring solution if we can only recycle something a couple of times?

Chemical recycling takes a very different route, instead of the ‘brute-force’ approach of just melting and reshaping the plastic, it employs a more surgical method, breaking down the plastic polymer chains into their constituent molecular building blocks. These molecular building blocks can then be used, either to make new plastics, or for other applications. Because the new plastics are made with molecular control, there is no degradation in quality, and the materials can be recycled over and over, essentially as many times as you wish. Instead of a washing machine combined with a paper shredder, this is more like a LEGO set, where the model can be taken apart brick by brick and be used to build something entirely new. This research describes a new approach to depolymerization, a class of chemical recycling.

The research described in this RASEI collaboration, just published in ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, offers a new, more efficient approach. By passing an electric charge through the reaction, electrons can be used to activate molecules that can then go on to react with the polymer. In a recent study, that used additive molecules as electron shuttles, the team observed the addition of electrons to oxygen gas molecules in small amounts present in the reaction, that were originally thought to be innocent bystanders in the mixture. This led the team to hypothesize that oxygen gas molecules, directly from air, could be chemically reduced, (that is that they take on an extra electron), leading to the formation of a relatively stable superoxide radical anion, O₂^·–. This activated superoxide now acts in place of the solvent and reacts directly with the polymer. Since the superoxide has an extra electron gained from the electric current, the negatively charged superoxide molecule reacts with the centers that have a positive charge on the polymer. This results in the breaking down of the polymer in a predictable and selective fashion, and the incorporation of oxygen into the building blocks instead of the solvent molecules, leading to the reliable and reproducible formation of the same molecules that were used to build the polymer in the first place. The LEGO bricks are formed cleanly and are ready to be used again, with no degradation in molecular quality. This work demonstrates this technology on a range of different plastics using air, arguably one of the most abundant and cheap reagents, as the primary oxygen source, and all done at room temperature and pressure, a huge improvement on other chemical recycling approaches. While the results are promising and show good efficiencies, this lab-based proof of principle still has a number of challenges to solve before it can be scaled up to meaningful levels.

Today, most plastics are recycled using mechanical recycling, which is like the combination of an industrial washing machine and a paper shredder, producing low-quality products and reducing the possibility of future recycling, leading many to explore chemical recycling as an alternative to gain access to more valuable chemical building blocks. Current mainstream chemical recycling methods are like using a sledgehammer, they typically require high temperatures and lots of energy to break the chemical bonds. The development of electrochemical methods offers a more controlled approach, breaking down plastics at the molecular level and reliably producing build blocks that can be used over and over again. New recycling technologies could transform how we handle plastic waste, opening the door to recycling previously un-recyclable plastics, doing it in a more energy efficient way, producing higher quality recycled plastics, and making recycling economically competitive with virgin plastic production from oil. The development of more effective and general recycling strategies isn’t just an environmental imperative. As plastic waste continues to accumulate, it is rapidly becoming an economic necessity. We already have so much plastic in the world, if we can develop methods to regenerate and reuse the building blocks from plastic waste it will turn landfills into gold mines.

How amazing would it be if instead of society wasting plastics, filling landfills, and polluting our environments, we viewed used plastics as a commodity for future applications?

June 2025

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Air-Enabled Electricity-Driven Depolymerization of Polyesters

Daniel Morton — Sun, 13 Apr 2025 19:26:24 +0000

Air-Enabled Electricity-Driven Depolymerization of Polyesters Daniel Morton Sun, 04/13/2025 - 13:26

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING, 2025, 13, 16, 5818-5827

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SPECS 2025 Annual Meeting

Daniel Morton — Wed, 12 Feb 2025 23:49:33 +0000

SPECS 2025 Annual Meeting Daniel Morton Wed, 02/12/2025 - 16:49

Daniel Morton

SPECS EFRC

In February of 2025 RASEI hosted the 2025 SPECS Annual Meeting, bringing together researchers from across the nation to discuss recent updates and plan future research.

The Center for Soft PhotoElectroChemical Systems, or SPECS, is a US Department of Energy funded Energy Frontiers Research Center. The focus of SPECS is to understand and develop organic polymers, so called soft materials, that can be used in transporting electrons, for applications in batteries, electronics, solar energy harvesting, and thermoelectrics.

Each year members of the Center, which include researchers from seven institutions across the United States, come together to discuss recent research discoveries and brainstorm new ideas to drive the field forward. Participants at this years meeting included representatives from ��ƷSM��ӰƬ, NREL, The University of Arizona, Emory University, University of Kentucky, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Stanford University.

The two day meeting was a great opportunity for the community to build relationships across the different institutes, present their research, and develop new ideas for future directions.

02/11/2025

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Spatially Precise Light-Activated Dedoping in Wafer-Scale MoS2 Films

Daniel Morton — Wed, 23 Oct 2024 17:41:03 +0000

Spatially Precise Light-Activated Dedoping in Wafer-Scale MoS2 Films Daniel Morton Wed, 10/23/2024 - 11:41

ADVANCED MATERIALS, 2024, 2409825

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Elucidation of Critical Catalyst Layer Phenomena toward High Production Rates for the Electrochemical Conversion of CO to Ethylene

Anonymous — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 07:00:00 +0000

Elucidation of Critical Catalyst Layer Phenomena toward High Production Rates for the Electrochemical Conversion of CO to Ethylene Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 01/08/2024 - 00:00

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES, 2024, 16, 3, 3246-3252

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Profile: Elisa Miller-Link

Anonymous — Tue, 01 Aug 2023 06:00:00 +0000

Profile: Elisa Miller-Link Anonymous (not verified) Tue, 08/01/2023 - 00:00

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RASEI Secures Funding to Pursue Collaborative Team Science Programs to Address Climate Change Challenges

Anonymous — Sat, 27 Aug 2022 06:00:00 +0000

RASEI Secures Funding to Pursue Collaborative Team Science Programs to Address Climate Change Challenges Anonymous (not verified) Sat, 08/27/2022 - 00:00

Daniel Morton

Thirteen members of RASEI secured funding from the Department of Energy to participate in inter-disciplinary team science to address a range of challenges associated with combating climate change.

EFRC Funding Announcement

DOE EFRC Homepage

��ƷSM��ӰƬ Announcement

In recent decades the scientific endeavor has expanded our knowledge and deepened our understanding of many of the imposing problems that face society. With this improved insight comes an appreciation that many of these issues are multi-faceted, far-reaching, and complex. The climate crisis is the toughest challenge for this generation and is an exceptionally intricate, systematic and multi-layered puzzle. In order to address this challenge in a holistic fashion we need teams of innovative scientists, from across a broad range of scientific and engineering fields, to work together in an inter-disciplinary fashion.

The Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), a joint institute between ��ƷSM��ӰƬ and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), has prioritized becoming a hub for multi-disciplinary teams focused on climate solutions to work together. Development of this ecosystem anable teams to expand their collaboration across the entire RASEI community, extending to engagement with other academic, national labs and industrial partners along the Front Range. Through fostering a team environment, developing a culture of sharing and integration, RASEI aims to accelerate fundamental discoveries and their translation to applications and solutions that can be deployed to all communities in need.

In August of 2022 the Department of Energy (DOE) released $540 million of funding for research into clean energy technologies and low-carbon manufacturing, $400 million of which is to establish and continue multi-disciplinary team science at Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRCs). Across the nation 43 EFRCs were funded, with 13 RASEI members involved in six of these Centers.

The EFRC program was established by the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) in 2009 to address the fact that global demand for energy is rapidly expanding, and the way in which energy is collected, stored and used needs to change. The goal of an EFRC is to bring together creative, multi-disciplinary scientific teams to tackle the toughest scientific challenges preventing advances in energy technologies. At the core of an EFRC's mission is to train the next generation of the scientific workforce, both in advanced technical techniques, and also in team science and developing the skills needed to work together to tackle large-scale problems. These Centers are initially funded for four years at about $4 million per year. If the Centers are successful, they can apply for renewed funding at the end of the first four years. Centers can only be renewed once.

For the 2022 funding announcement, two of the RASEI-infused EFRCs, one of which is based at NREL, were renewals of existing Centers, and the other four awards were to establish new research teams. You can find out more details about the different Centers in the summary boxes below.

The RASEI community is energized to be involved in these exciting collaborative opportunities, and the chance to work together across these teams as part of the RASEI community. Colorado’s U.S. Representative Ed Perlmutter captured this enthusiasm in his quote as part of the funding announcement:

“NREL and ��ƷSM��ӰƬ, among others, continue to lead our nation in their cutting-edge research and development of a variety of clean energy technologies and low-carbon manufacturing. Their work is essential in the fight to combat climate change and achieve important climate and clean energy goals in the future”

If you would like to keep up with the progress these teams make, check out the RASEI website or signup to our monthly newsletter.

Thirteen members of RASEI secured funding from the Department of Energy to participate in inter-disciplinary team science to address a range of challenges associated with combating climate change.

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Accelerating Hydrogen Absorption and Desorption Rates in Palladium Nanocubes with an Ultrathin Surface Modification

Anonymous — Fri, 22 Oct 2021 06:00:00 +0000

Accelerating Hydrogen Absorption and Desorption Rates in Palladium Nanocubes with an Ultrathin Surface Modification Anonymous (not verified) Fri, 10/22/2021 - 00:00

Nano Lett., 2021, 21, 21, 9131-9137

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